Qualitative Methods (Essay) - 1925 Words

Qualitative Methods (Research Paper Sample) Content: Qualitative MethodsNameInstitutionDateQualitative MethodsQualitative research refers to the use of methods, which use language instead of numbers, and an interpretive, naturalistic approach to conduct various studies. Qualitative researches are mainly interested to know how people perceive the world, and their experience in different events. Qualitative research is the best approach to adopt when conducting research on prejudice and discrimination. Although social sciences normally differ on the definition of prejudice, most of them agree that prejudice entails prejudgment, normally negative about an individual or a certain group. As prevalently used in psychology, prejudice is not just a statement of belief or opinion, but also an attitude that entails feelings like dislike, contempt, or loathing. On the other hand, discrimination entails a certain behavior or actions, normally negative, towards a person or a group of people, specifically based on race, sex, or socia l class (Berg, 2001). This paper examines the use of qualitative methods for the exploration of prejudice and discrimination in social psychology.The common known example of discrimination based on prejudice involved the Jews. They endured persecution and mistreatment for thousands of years. One of the most threatening attempts to eliminate this group took place during the Second World War. During this time, millions of Jews were killed in the name of Nazi ideals of "racial purityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It is unfortunate that cases of prejudice have continued to flourish up-to-date despite the fact that people are more informed than in the past. Many studies have been conducted to dig more information on prejudice and discrimination. Qualitative methods have been widely used in these studies.Methods of qualitative researchThe data, which is used in qualitative research, is collected using various qualitative techniques. These techniques include observation of actions, places, or people; i nterviewing individuals; analysis of media content; and conducting conversations with various groups of people. Each of these techniques differs in the source of information, and in the tasks done by the researcher when collecting information (Somekh Lewin, 2005).Presumably, naturalistic observation marks as the oldest qualitative method. Biologists have been using this method for centuries in the study of animals. In addition, sociologists have been using the same method in examining peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior. In naturalistic approach, the observer steps back from the event being studied, and make every effort not to be involved or interfere with the event under investigation. For example, when studying prejudice and discrimination in children, one can use child psychologists to carry out the observation. This will help to create a friendly atmosphere within the children, and cases of influencing how the children conduct themselves, will be minimal, if any (Berg, 2001). Introduc tion of audio and video technology has enabled this exercise to be carried with ease, because observers can collect any information without hiding themselves. However, it is unfortunate that the ethics of observing (spying) people is to some extend questionable.Psychologists and sociologist have modified naturalistic method to another method known as participant observation. A sociologist who intends to study certain lifestyle of a group of people like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"college studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬, can actually join the group and socialize with them. As a member in the group, the sociologist will be in a position to record any behavior under scrutiny without interfering with the way the members interact with each other.Another useful qualitative method used in psychologists and other social sciences is interview. Carrying out interviews is not as easy as people may think. In fact, not all people who carry out interviews qualify for the job. Interviewing requires the interviewer not to listen to the participant with any prejudiced idea. In addition, it is imperative that the interviewer does not lead the participant to the direction he/she prefers best. The interviewer should also avoid misinterpreting what the respondent says (Bogdan Taylor, 1975). In other words, all interviewers are required to be conscious of their own bias.Content analysis is another technique of collecting data, and it entails scrutiny of some form of communications or media in order to identify how such messages are part of culture. Researchers who are involved in content analysis collect their data (television sitcoms, magazine articles, etc) from various media outlets, and analyze it to get the message being communicated and the types of images used to send specific types of messages (Garner, Wagner, Kawulich, 2009). This method is to some extend unique as compared to the other qualitative methods in that it uses quantitative analysis. As a result, this method provides data, which can b e analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques.Why qualitative methods are preferred in the study of prejudice and discriminationQualitative research is one of the primary approaches adopted in conducting social sciences studies. This approach is an effective means for conducting meaningful study on prejudice and discrimination. The numerous benefits of using qualitative techniques provide a depth understanding of prejudice and discrimination, which cannot be realized when using quantitative methods. Because of the mode of data collection and analysis, the knowledge got when using qualitative techniques in study of prejudice and discrimination is richer, more informative, and offers extended understanding as compared to that got when using quantitative methods.Qualitative research derives its superiority from the core differences existing between it and quantitative research, on what both can contribute to various bodies of knowledge. Through qualitative techniques, r esearchers are able to provide thorough interpretation to customers with depth of understanding, and complete views. In other words, qualitative techniques are the methods, which put the primary value on complete understanding (Berg, 2001).Although qualitative research has its own weaknesses, when conducted well, it provides some advances to knowledge, and provides valuable insights. The results got when using qualitative research differ from those got when using quantitative techniques; however, because the results differ in the two approaches, it does not mean that the two are not equally valuable. Qualitative methods generate knowledge that complements that generated by quantitative research (Bogdan Taylor, 1975).Advantages of using qualitative methods in social psychologyDescriptive, unobtrusive, and inductive methods for data collection are normally viewed to be the most compatible with the core values of social research. In situations where social workers have challenges and issues, which are not examinable with quantitative techniques, qualitative methods have always adopted and given out impressive results (Morse, 2009). For instance, clinicians mostly rely on interviews and observation methods to collect data on clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s issues.In studies, concerning social processes of sophisticated human systems like families, communities, and organizations, qualitative techniques yields the most appropriate data. This is because qualitative methods assist in understanding of communication patterns, dynamic processes, and family and individual constructions of reality.Another advantage of qualitative techniques is that they are more flexible than quantitative methods. For example, a qualitative researcher carrying out a face-to-face interview can easily change the interview schedule in situations where the intervieweeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s responses imply that there is need for additional probes (Morse, 2009).Moreover, qualitative methods create an opportunity for in-depth analysis. For instance, a qualitative researcher can understand in-depth the intervieweeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s situation, attitudes or belief, by developing and asking questions on the spot. Another advantage of using qualitative methods is that researcher can observe a number of aspects concerning the social situation under scrutiny. For example, in the course of observation or interview, a researcher can observe changes in mood, bodily expression, environmental factors that can affect intervieweeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s responses, and voice intonation (Berdie Anderson, 1974).Weaknesses of Qualitative research * The results got from qualitative research do not represents other settings or people, but only represent views of the relatively few participants in the study. * In some instances, a researcher may want to make some predictions after completion of the research. In the case of qualitative research, it is not easy to make predictions hence the approach is unreliable. * In case a research er wants to test hypothesis on large participant pools, it will be a cumbersome exercise when using qualitative approach technique. * This approach takes more time as compared to quantitative approach. * The results can be easily affected by the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s bias. * Analyzing data using this approach takes more time than quantitative approach.Issues in Qualitative research ApproachValidity and reliabilityAmong the many cited criticisms of qualitative techniques are the presumed lack of validity and reliability of the results obtained. Arguing on basis of the field study, critics have been questioning the capability of qualitative techniques to obtain correct impression or answers about the phenomenon under study. In addition, critics also question the influence of interviewer or observerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s presence on the event being studied, and the bias on the part of the observe...

Media Culture Studies - Fandom Free Essay Example, 1000 words

For one to become a member of such a group, he or she was to provide research papers related to the movie. The fandom of the film collected articles related to the Lord of the Rings and printed them in their magazine. Additionally, â€Å"Media Fandom and Audience Subcultures† (198) claims that the real fans of the movies such as the Lord of the Rings have the habit of watching it again and again in order to encode every detail about the narrative. According to â€Å"Media Fandom and Audience Subcultures† (191), the interaction between fans and the media results in creation of a society with new cultural experiences; some of the fans mimic some things done by characters in the movie the Lord of the Rings. In connection with this assertion, Reid (4) claims that the time spent by the fans in watching their movies of interest results to culture jamming; according to Reid, majority of the Lord of the Rings fans dress up as characters from the LOTR despite the dressing bein g very unique in a given society. Some of the fans also have some play groups that entertain people by representing fictional characters of the movie through costumes and accessories. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Culture Studies - Fandom or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Pros And Cons Of Cyberbullying - 1180 Words

Introduction â€Å"You are a loser†, â€Å"no one likes you†, â€Å"you have no friends†. Sending mean messages such as these through text, or email, spreading rumors or posting embarrassing pictures, videos, or fake profiles are all examples of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017). With virtually everyone connected somehow through the internet or some sort of social media, the ability to cyberbully or fall victim to a cyberbully is easy. If cyberethics has to do with how a user uses the internet ethically and†¦show more content†¦Ethical Issues The fields of psychology and sociology have connected theories and concepts to cyber issues. Relating cyberbullying to the Social Dominance Theory, which suggests that hum an societies are predisposed toward arrangements that maintain and perpetuate group-based hierarchical systems of social organization, one can conclude that group settings can have an intense effect on psychological functioning. Social Rank Theory, which argues that aggressive individuals generally hold positions of higher power or status within a group, explains that aggressive behavior and bullying may be reinforced, as it provides those engaging in the behavior with a sense of belonging. So then, peer victimization serves a number of functions, including establishing and maintaining a social hierarchy within a group, and it maintains differences between members that are in the group and not in the group (Cooper Blumenfeld, 2012). Just-Consequentialist Theory. James Moor proposed that an ethical approach combining consequences of ones actions with the traditional consideration of duties, rights, and justice will result in a useful framework for ethics in cybertechnology. When applying the steps of his theory to cyberbullying, if the bully is obsessed with the victim, and gets gratification from the bullying, and a policy justifies the action impartially, it will beShow MoreRelatedPro And Cons : Pros And Cons Of Social Media852 Words   |  4 PagesPros and Cons of Social Media Social Media is a place on the internet where someone can talk or interact with friends, family and/or associates. There are various types of social media and different ways of accessing it. People can go on social media through a phone, computer, tablet, or even a smart watch and there are many different types of social media like Snapchat, Facebook, and Instagram. 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Spanish El Recado Essay Research Paper Analasis free essay sample

Spanish El Recado Essay, Research Paper Analasis de El Recado Elena Poniatowska escrita Durante una epoca de cambio en Mexico. Antes de sus obras las mujeres mexicanas eran sometidos, docil, y pasivo. En la tiempo de sus obras las mujeres estaba tratando salir de los estereotipos de antes. Esta problema societal tomo un afecto en Elena. Aunque ella no viene de un movimiento literatura directamente, ella escrita con EL concepto de compremetido. En su narrative El Recado ella crea un mujer estereotipical que no puede controlar Sus emociones. La titula Es eso porque ella viene a ver su amante, pero EL no esta, asi ella escribe Las cosas que sentia. La perspectiva es de un personaje y ella nunca interacta con otros personajes. En facto La unica descripcion de un personaje otro de la protagonista es de su amante Martin. Habla de otros personajes, pero solamente de Sus acciones. Porque ellas es La unica perspectiva que tenemos Es sencillo a sentar compasion parity una protagonista de quien nombre no aun sabemos. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish El Recado Essay Research Paper Analasis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ella district attorney La descripcion de toda que vea, y mom importante todo que Se sienta. Tambien tropos Y figuras retoricas dan un tono significante Al poema. Estos sentimientos de la portagonista y el tono emocional de la narrativa transporta una tema de una mujer estereotipical Y debil quien quiere ser reconocido. El Recado es un cuento de la esperanza y Cupid. La protagonista viene a visita Martin, pero EL no esta en su casa. Entonces ella esperas en peldano, y esperanza que EL aparece pronto. Esperanza es una palabra muy importante en EL cuento. La palabra Es usado directamente tres veces en La obra 26, 31, y 39. Tambien en el principio de el cuento todo es de un afecto animal. Mientras ella esta en el peldano vea el jardin de Martin. Da caracteristicas humanos ( personificacion ) a los flores en el jardin ( 6-7 ) , estos caracteristicas como honesto Y Gravess probablamente tambien de su amante. Luego ella hace una comparacion directa entre EL Y EL jardin # 8220 ; Todo el jardin Es solido, es como tu, tiene una reciedumbre que inspira confianza. # 8221 ; Este oracion no solamente tiene un simil, pero tambien ayuda en mostrando la comparacion a un mujer de un guy. El guy Es personificado con palabras de fuerza, mientras todo EL cuento muestra una mujer debil. El Segundo parafo de el cuento district attorney mom de los fuerza sentimientos de la protagonista. En la linea 10 Es un otro simil. La comparacion de los muros de la casa, con la espalda de Martin. Este comparacion Es signoficante, porque Es un otro comparacion de supporta. Los muros provide supporto a ella como EL guy podria parity ella. Un otro intancia de la debilidad de la mujer. Tambien este comparacion puede district attorney un interpretacion que EL guy tiene EL ( anchor ) . Las Proxima lineas ( 11-13 ) boy llenos de sinestesia, pero tambien hay alla a tranporta La parte de la dia. En este momento todavia esta luz afuera. Proximo ella vea la vecina de Martin. Ella va a regar EL jardin de Martin. Este trae recurdos a La protagonista. Yo creo que La protagonista tiene un poco de celosidad contra ella, pero habla de esto mas luego. Mucha de que la protagonista escibe viene en la forma apostrofe a La audiencia. Ella die tu Y Te muchas veces, porque Es en la forma de un carta a Ma rtin. Otros cosas importantes son Las palabras con los # 8220 ; citos # 8221 ; ( 3, 16, 19 ) . Muestran la efeccion Y EL carino que el tiene parity Martin. Los sentimientos mom fiuerzan comienzan en La linea 16, Y visualacionaran La verdadera debilidad que ella tiene par a un guy. Ella die que es como EL dibujara en dentro de su cuerpa Y quedara alla, este Es un ejemplo de hiperbole. Sirve a relata La fuerza feeling que ella tiene en Si parity EL. La oracion despues de la descripcion es muy larga, como otros oraciones. Posiblamente las oraciones largas muestra La impaciencia ella tiene del su espera. Luego ella imagina EL en lugares exceptional. Este tecnica indica que ella sabe mucho del EL, porque sabe los lugares donde pasa tiempo, y quizas ella lo pasara con EL. Menciona parity EL segundo tiempo el pasando de ninos ( 28 ) . Y escribe una cita de la conversacion de una otro mujer que esta pasando. Este es importante a distinguir La diferencia entre la imaginacion Y La realidad. Ella parece ser cerca de una tranza cuando habla de su amante y Sus sentimientos parity EL. Ella continua a escriber aunque Es muy dificil a ver La araya en el hoja o La letras. Escribe que lupus erythematosus quiere el con Si y que # 8220 ; te quiero # 8221 ; . En este parte hay un sentimiento de la soledad y vaciedad. Pronto Virginia una ladra de un perro. Este tambien trae cosas de realidad a ella. Ella un otra vez habla de la vecina, y como ellla tiene un llave a La casa de Martin. Hay un senso de celosidad porque ella no tiene un llave, no puede regar EL jardin, y no puede tomo carino de el cuando estaba enfermo. Es oscura afuera Y sienta que Es EL tiempo parity salir. La realidad que EL no es con ella existe en la mente de ella. No district attorney caracterist icas a los otros character, porque Martin Es todo que es importante a ella. Ella admite La debilidad que tiene en 31 Ys continua hasta el concluding. Dice que a veces quisiera ser mom viejo porque entonces no tiene el debilidad de sus emociones fuerzas. Este parte Es tambien donde EL wit cambio del sensual a mom agresivo. Ahora ella habla de ladrones y la accion de ser nieve. Finalmente ella habla de la debilidad de la mujer. Como ella aguardan la esperza de no esta en Soledad. Habla de como la mundo que crea en el mente es de la crudeza, porque no es existent. La esperanza a tener un guy Es comparido a una Granada ( 41 ) . Ella todavia confesa su Cupid parity EL, pero tiene un lucha con Sus emociones. Finalmente su scribimiento viene a un acabo porque la luz no ya existe como su amante no existe. Solamente existe su Cupid parity EL Y La esperanza que el lupus erythematosus quiero tambien. Ella termino con La consejero parity EL onga Te quiero en las blancas de la carta. Dice que no recado debajo de la puerta o no. Posiblamete saldra el recado con La vecino que ella wine. Me gusta EL cuento mucho. Es un que yo puedo relata con. Tiene los cuatros esereotipos de una mujer La celosidad, la passion, la ingenuidad, y la esperanza. Yo tiene EL esperanza a contrar EL perfecto guy en me mente, pero como en el cuento no pasa en mi favour. Poniatowska crea un protagonista wickedness nombre, pero con mucha esperanza. La narrative Es de influenza de la movimiento parity mujeres en Mexico. Cerca de la tiempo cuando lo hour angle escrito La mujeres estaba luchando parity mom derechos. La derecha a envolvido en cosas afuera de la casa y a tiene controla en un relacionado. El recado tiene La mujer tiene ina mujer quien quiere ser envolvido con un guy fuerza. Ella todavia tiene acciones de la mujer pasivo y sometido. La protagonista sienta como necessita un guy masculino en su vida. Yo puedo ver la tristeza de la mujer y tengo compassion Pr EL personaje porque por EL tecnica puedo sienta Sus dolores. Quizas La mujer Es mom debil que un guy, porque muchas tiene una pro blema con semejanza. 329